Mulberry (Morus alba) leaf extracts as a control alternative of blue mold on postharvest apple fruit

Nadia Landero-Valenzuela, Francisco M. Lara-Viveros, Daniel Nieto-Angel, Javier Aguado-Rodríguez, Judith Callejas-Hernández

Abstract


Penicillium expansum, causal agent of blue mold on apple, causes significant postharvest losses in apple. This fungus is largely controlled with synthetic fungicides. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of leaf extracts of mulberry (Morus alba) as a control alternative of blue mold on postharvest apple fruits. Eleven treatments including a chemical and an untreated control, were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In the in vitro experiments, mycelial growth and sporulation of the fungus were measured, and in the in vivo experiments severity and fruit decoloration were measured by image analysis. For the leaf extracts, asymptomatic mulberry leaves were collected, crushed and placed in a methanol or ethyl acetate as the solvent phase separation, or distilled water, each at concentrations of 4, 8 and 12%. The results showed that the extract methanol based at 4 % and 12 % inhibited mycelial growth. A treatment with 12 % aqueous extract had the same effect. As for the sporulation of the fungus, it was also observed that the extract methanol based at 4 and 12 % decreased sporulation, and the separated phase with ethyl acetate to 8 %, equaling the chemical control. The severity of disease on inoculated fruits was inhibited by Imazalil with 75.1 %, followed by extract (4 %) with a 40.3 % effectiveness. Only treatment with ethyl acetate at 8 % caused changes on the color of the fruits.

Keywords


Malus domestica; Morus alba; Penicillium expansum, postharvest losses

Full Text:

PDF (Español)

References


Andallu B., Suryakantham V., Srikanthi B.L. and Reddy G.K. 2001. Effect of mulberry (Morus indica L.) therapy on plasma and erythrocyte membrane lipids in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clinica Chemical Acta 314:47. Doi:10.1016/S0009-8981(01)00632-5.

Asli E. A., Avci E., Ozcelik B., Alp A. G. and Ali K. D. 2014. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities with GC/ MS analysis of the Morus alba L. leaves. Hittite Journal of Science and Engineering 1:137-141. Doi: 10.17350/ HJSE19030000006.

Ayoola O.A., Baiyewu R.A., Ekunola J.N., Olajire B.A., Egunjobi J.A., Ayeni E.O. and Ayodele O.O. 2011. Phyto-constituent screening and antimicrobial principles of leaf extracts of two variants of Morus alba. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 19:2161-2165. Doi: 10.5897/AJPP11.590.

Baldi I., Filleul L., Mohammed-Brahim B., Fabrigoule C., Dartigues J.F., Schwall S. 2001. Neuropsychologic effects of long-term exposure to pesticides: results from the French Phytoner study. Environmental Health Perspecti¬ves 109:839-44. Doi: 10.1136/oem.2009.047811.

Bresin P., Piol M., Fabbro D., Mancini M.A., Casseta B. and Del Bianco C. 2015. Analysis of organo-chlorine pesti¬cides residue in raw coffee with a modified “quick easy cheap effective rugged and safe†extraction/clean up procedure for reducing the impact of caffeine on the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry measurement. Jour¬nal of Chromatography A, 1376:167–171. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.chroma.2014.12.016 0021-9673.

Cerqueira S.M.D., Barcellos C.H., Bueno F.P.M., Aires V.J. and Dummer M.D. 2016. Antifungal activity of plant extracts with potential to control plant pathogens in pi¬neapple. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 6:26-31. Doi:10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.09.026.

Chon S.U., Kim Y.M., Park Y.J., Heo B.G., Park Y.S. and Go¬rinstein S. 2009. European Food Research and Technolo¬gy 2:231-237. Doi:10.1007/s00217-009-1165-2.

Cushnie T.P. and Lamb A.J. 2006. Antimicrobial activity of flavonoid. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 26:342-356. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.09.002.

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na¬tions). 2012. FAOSTAT Production Database. [2016- 07.21]. http:// faostat.fao.org

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na¬tions). 2016. FAOSTAT Production Database. [2016-3- 15]. http:// faostat.fao.org

Fukai T., Kaitou K. and Terada S. 2005. Antimicrobial activity of 2-arylbenzofurans from Morus species against methici-tllin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Fitoterapia 76:708- 711. Doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2005.06.012

He L., Chen T., and Labuza T. P. 2014. Recovery and quan¬titative detection of thiabendazole on apples using a sur¬face swab capture method followed by surface-enhan¬ced Raman spectroscopy. Food Chemistry 148: 42-46. Doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.04.003

Kim H. O., Park S. W., and Park H. D. 2004. Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by cinnamic aldehyde puri¬fied from Cinnamomum cassia shoot. Food Microbiology 21:105-110. Doi:10.1016/S0740-0020(03)00010-8

Landero V.N., Nieto A. D., Téliz O. D., Alatorre R. R. y Ortíz G. C. F. 2013. Potencial antifúngico de extractos de cuatro especies vegetales sobre el crecimiento de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides en papaya (Carica papaya) en poscose¬cha. Revista Venezolana de Ciencia y Tecnología de Ali¬mentos. 1:047-062. https://doaj.org/article/14a83e0b1ce84 1a29a0d995d1af3bfe9

Liengme B. 2013. A Guide to Microsoft Excel 2013 for Scien¬tists and Engineers. Elsevier Science and technology. 382 p.

Mumammad A.M., Ismail M.A., Jaafar, K.M. and Garba M.M. 2014. Phytochemical screening and anticonvulsant studies of ethyl acetate fraction of Globimetula braunii on labora¬tory animals. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedici¬ne 4:285-289 Doi:10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C925

Oh J, Jo H., Cho A.R., Kim S.J. and Hn J. 2013 Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of various leafy herbal teas. Food control 31:403-409. Doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.10.021

Omidiran M. O., Baiyewu R. A., Ademola I. T., Fakorede O. C., Toyinbo E. O., Adewumi O. J. and Adekunle E. A. 2012. Phytochemical Analysis, Nutritional Composition and Antimicrobial Activities of White Mulberry (Morus alba). Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 11: 456-460. http:// scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjn.2012.456.460

Paranagama P. A., Abeysekera K. H. T., Abeywickrama K. and Nugaliyadd L. 2003. Fungicidal and anti-aflatoxigenic effects of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus Sta¬pf. (lemongrass) against Aspergillus flavus Link. isolated from stored rice. Letters in Applied Microbiology 37:86- 90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12803563

Park K. M., You J. S., Lee H.Y., Baek N.I. and Hwang J.K. 2003. Kuwanon G: an antibacterial agent from the root bark of Morus alba against oral pathogens. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 84:181-185. Doi:10.1016/S0378- 8741(02)00318-5

Rao T. G., Baku K.S., Ujwal K. J., Sujana P., Veerabhadr R. A. and Sreedhar A. S. 2011. Anti-microbial principles of se-lected remedial plants from Southern India. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 1:298-305. Doi:10.1016/ S2221-1691(11)60047-6

Rao S.J.A., Ramesh C.K. and Mahmood R. 2012. Anthelmin¬tic and antimicrobial activities in some species of mulbe¬rry. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceuti¬cal Science 4:335-338. http://www.ijppsjournal.com/Vol-4Suppl5/4992.pdf

Saucedo P. S., Jasso C. D., Ventura S. J., Sáenz G. A., Ro¬dríguez H. R. and Aguilar C. N. 2007. Effect of candeli¬lla wax with natural antioxidants on the shelf life quality of fresh-cut fruits. Journal of Food Quality 30:823-836. Doi: 10.1111/j.1745-4557.2007.00165.

Saucedo P. S., Rojas M. R., Aguilera C. A. F., Sáenz G. A., Gar¬za H. L. and Jasso C. D. 2009. Edible film based on cande-lilla wax to improve the shelf life and quality of avocado. Food Research International 42:511-515. Doi:10.1016/j. foodres.2009.02.017

Sauphanor B., Dirwimmer C., Boutin S., Chaussabel A.L., Dupont N., Fauriel J. 2009 Analyse comparative de diffé¬rents systèmes en arboriculture fruitière. In: INRA, editor. Ecophyto R&D: vers des systèmes de culture économes en produits phytosanitaires. Rapport d’Expertise Collective Inra, Tome IV.

Seifert K., Morgan J. G., Gams W. and Kendric B. 2011. The genera of Hyphomycetes. CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversi¬ty Centre. Ultrecht, Netherlands. 997 p.

Simon S., Brun L., Guinaudeau J., Sauphanor B. 2011. Pes¬ticide use in current and innovative apple orchard Sys¬tems Agronomy. Agronomy Sustainability Development 31:541-55. Doi 10.1007/s13593-011-0003-7

Singh G., Maurya S., Lampasona M.P. and Catalán A. N. C. 2007. A comparison of chemical, antioxidant and anti¬microbial studies of cinnamon leaf and bark volatile oils, oleoresins and their constituents. Food and Chemical Toxi¬cology 45:1650-1661. Doi:10.1016/j.fct.2007.02.031

Sanzani S. M., Schena L., Girolamo A., Ippolito A., and Gon¬zalez C. L. 2010. Characterization of genes associated with induced resistance against Penicillium expansum in apple fruit treated with quercetin. Postharvest Biology and Te¬chnology 56:1-11. Doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2009.11.010

Soetan K., Oyecunle M.A., Aiyelaagbe O.O. and Fafunso M.A. 2006. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of saponins ex-tract of Sorghum bicolor. African Journal of Biotechnology 23:2405-2407. http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB

Ticha J., Hajslova J., Jech M., Honzicek J., Lacina O., Ko¬houtkova J. 2008. Changes of pesticide residues in apples during cold storage. Food Control 19:247-56. Doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2007.03.011

U.S. Government Publishing Office (GPO). 2015. Part-180 Tolerances and exemptions for pesticide chemical residues in food. 2016-07-21 http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/textidx? SID¼5370c30aabced019b313754fe0b0c682&node¼pt40 .24.180&rgn¼div5#_top.

Volk G.M.C., Chao T., Norelli J., Brown S.K., Fazio G., Peace C., McFerson J., Zhong G.-Y., Bretting P. 2015. The vul-nerability of US apple (Malus) genetic resources. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 62:765-794. Doi:10. 1007/ s10722-014-0194-2

Wang W., Zu Y., Fu Y. and Effert T. 2012. In Vitro Antioxi¬dant and Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts from Mo¬rus alba L. Leaves, Stems and Fruits. American Journal of Chinese Medicine 40:349. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/ S0192415X12500279

Zhang C., Wang J., Zhang J., Hou C. and Wang G. 2011. Effects of β-aminobutyruc acid on control of postharvest blue mold of apple fruit and its possible mechanisms of action. Postharvest Biology and Technology 61:145-151. Doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2011.02.008.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.1605-2

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.